Vanadium  is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer somewhat stabilises the free metal against further oxidation.  The vanadium redox battery, also known as the vanadium flow battery or vanadium redox flow battery, is a type of rechargeable flow battery that employs vanadium ions in different oxidation states to store chemical potential energy.

There are three main types of graphite: flake, vein, and amorphous. Vein graphite is believed to originate from crude oil deposits that through time, temperature and pressure were converted to graphite. Vein graphite is currently only mined in Sri Lanka and of the types of graphite it is considered the rarest. Vein graphite is generally used in advanced, thermal and high-friction applications such as car brakes and clutches. However, it is also used in the same way as flake graphite due to it's performance in applications that require high thermal and electrical conductivity.

Volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points.